The reliability of management and technical control systems is an important constituent of their quality and indispensable condition of safety ensurance of hazardous production facilities of oil refining. Assessment of reliability and maintainability of automated control systems are provided for by national and international standards and other regulations. The purpose of this assessment is to obtain quantitative information about the properties of systems required to develop and implement well-grounded, effective design and operational decisions to ensure the dependability and safety of industrial facilities.

Construction of a common database of life cycle stages of automated control systems, including design and operational data, e.g. of ICS, as regards hardware and software failures, allows us to define real dependability indices of equipment in operation in view of design solutions and installation peculiarities.

Stability of metallization of holes to thermomechanical pressure is provided with durability and plasticity of electrodeposited copper.

Distinctions in factors of thermal expansion of copper and dielectric of bases of printed circuit boards create powerful thermomechanical factors of rupture of metallization of apertures, destructions of internal interconnections in multilayered structures of printed-circuit boards. Standard norms of requirements for the depth of metallization of apertures, its durability and plasticity of copper were established in the course of manufacture of ordinary printed-circuit boards with reference to use of traditional technologies of soldering by tin-lead solders. Return to consideration of the copper plasticity problem has been caused first of all by transition to lead-free solders initiated by the all-European Directive RoHS [1], featuring a high temperature of soldering. Higher temperatures create large deformations of metallization of holes, which forces us to reconsider the requirements for plasticity of copper. At the same time, there is a general tendency to reduction of the diameter of metalized holes, and consequently to reduction of the area of metallization cross-section. Smaller sections have smaller resistance to rupture. Therefore, along with good plasticity, metallization of holes of printed-circuit boards should provide higher resilience to rupture as well. In this reference, deformation of metallization of holes when heating to soldering temperatures has been studied. The purpose of researches is to revise norms as regards plasticity of copper in holes of printed-circuit boards. It has been shown that the plasticity of copper deposition in holes of modern printed-circuit boards should not be less than 6% [2]. Current copper plating electrolytes allow us to reach plasticity of copper of 12-18% [3].

The paper provides some definition of a hazardous failure and fail-safety, discusses relations and principal differences between functional reliability and functional safety, and analyzes alternatives for ensuring failsafety of control systems.

The paper considers major threats to cyber protection, ways of implementing cyber attacks, offers a concept of ensuring a guaranteed cyber protection level of control systems.

Nearly four centuries ago the English philosopher Francis Bacon, in his treatise “Novum Organum” wrote: “Loud and solemn debates of scientists often turn into disputes about words and names, and it would be prudent (according to custom and wisdom of mathematicians) to start with them and through the definitions put them in order”. Publications on dependability in Russian began to appear in the mid of the1950s, therefore in the early of the 1960s the necessity appeared for the basic concepts in this area “through the definitions to put them in order”.

The first document of this kind was developed by the USSR Academy of Sciences during 1960 – 1961 and published in 1962 [1]. Such eminent scientists and experts as A.I. Berg, N.G. Bruyevich, B.V. Gnedenko, V.I. Siforov, Y.M. Sorin, I.A. Ushakov, Y.B. Shore and other took part in development of the document. Terms were viewed from the perspective of linguistic standards compliance at the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The project was released as 600 copies and distributed for discussion. Later on, 110 reviews with comments and suggestions were received. We can only dream of such a level and scale of development!