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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sustain</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Надежность</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Dependability</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-2646</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3909</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RAMS Journal Limited liability company</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21683/1729-2646-2026-26-2-34-44</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sustain-749</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СИСТЕМНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ, УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ОБРАБОТКА ИНФОРМАЦИИ, СТАТИСТИКА</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Распределения, обладающие свойством почти отсутствия памяти (ALM) и их приложения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Almost Lack of Memory (ALM) distributions and their applications</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Димитров</surname><given-names>Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dimitrov</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Боян Димитров, д-р физ.-мат. наук, профессор по теории вероятностей и математической статистике, доцент кафедры математики (теория вероятностей и мат. статистика)</p><p>тел.: +1 (810) 344-9628</p><p>Флинт, Мичиган</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boyan Dimitrov, Dr. of Math. Sci., Professor of Probability and Statistics, Associate Professor of Mathematics (Probability and Statistics)</p><p>GMI Engineering and Management Inst. (now Kettering)</p><p>tel.: +1 (810) 344-9628</p><p>Flint, Michigan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dimitrob@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>Инженерно-управленческий институт GMI (ныне Университет Кеттеринга)</institution><country>United States</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Димитров Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Димитров Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dimitrov B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dependability.ru/jour/article/view/749">https://www.dependability.ru/jour/article/view/749</self-uri><abstract><p>Данная статья обобщает фундаментальные исследования, посвященные классу вероятностных распределений, известных как распределения с почти отсутствием памяти (ALM). В то время как классическое экспоненциальное распределение однозначно характеризуется свойством отсутствия памяти в любом возрасте, распределения ALM проявляют это свойство выборочно, в возрастах, образующих дискретную последовательность {0, c, 2c, ...} для положительной константы c. Это обобщение предоставляет мощный и универсальный аппарат для моделирования времени жизни, времени до отказа и времени ожидания в периодических, нестационарных условиях. Мы представляем всестороннюю характеристику распределений ALM через несколько эквивалентных свойств: специфическую аналитическую форму функции распределения, периодическую интенсивность отказов и вероятностное представление, в котором случайная величина разлагается в сумму усеченной на [0, c) компоненты и геометрически распределенной компоненты, масштабированной на c. Это разложение имеет ключевое значение как для теоретического анализа, так и для практических приложений. Строго устанавливается внутренняя связь между распределениями ALM и периодическими неоднородными пуассоновскими процессами. Кроме того, в статье рассматриваются важные статистические аспекты, включая оценку параметров методами максимального правдоподобия и моментов, а также проверку гипотез для различения моделей. Применимость теории ALM демонстрируется в различных областях, включая надежность технических систем, работающих в условиях циклических нагрузок, страхование для моделирования убытков с сезонной структурой и науки об окружающей среде для изучения явлений, управляемых периодическими силами. Заполняя пробел между теоретической вероятностью и необходимостью моделирования реальной периодичности, распределения ALM предлагают надежный и математически элегантный инструмент для анализа в нестационарных условиях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article generalizes fundamental research devoted to a class of probability distributions known as Almost Lack of Memory (ALM) distributions. While the classical exponential distribution is uniquely characterized by the lack of memory property at any age, ALM distributions exhibit this property selectively, at ages forming a discrete sequence {0,  c, 2c, ...} for a positive constant c. This generalization provides a powerful and versatile tool for modeling lifetimes, times to failure, and waiting times under periodic, non-stationary conditions. We present a comprehensive characterization of ALM distributions through several equivalent properties: a specific analytical form of the distribution function, a periodic failure rate, and a probabilistic representation in which a random variable decomposes into the sum of a component truncated on [0, c) and a geometrically distributed component scaled by c. This decomposition is of key importance for both theoretical analysis and practical applications. The intrinsic connection between ALM distributions and periodic non-homogeneous Poisson processes is rigorously established. Furthermore, the article discusses important statistical aspects, including parameter estimation by maximum likelihood and method of moments, as well as hypothesis testing for model discrimination. The applicability of ALM theory is demonstrated in various fields, including the reliability of technical systems operating under cyclic loads, insurance for modeling losses with a seasonal structure, and environmental sciences for studying phenomena driven by periodic forces. Bridging the gap between theoretical probability and the need for modeling real-world periodicity, ALM distributions offer a robust and mathematically elegant tool for analysis under non-stationary conditions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>характеризация вероятностных распределений</kwd><kwd>функциональные уравнения</kwd><kwd>страхование</kwd><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>нестационарные случайные процессы</kwd><kwd>периодичность</kwd><kwd>надежность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>characterization of probability distributions</kwd><kwd>functional equations</kwd><kwd>insurance</kwd><kwd>mathematical modeling</kwd><kwd>non-stationary random processes</kwd><kwd>periodicity</kwd><kwd>reliability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimitrov B., Petrov P. 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Warranty Cost Analysis with Intermittent Usage / In: Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Reliability, Ed. by B. H. Lindquist and K. A. Doksum. Series on Quality, Reliability and Engineering Statistics, v. 7. World Scientific, 2022. Pp. 241-254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimitrov B., Chukova S., Khalil Z. Probability Distributions in Periodic Random Environment and their Applications / In: Recent Advances in Statistical Methods, Ed. by Y. P. Chaubey. Imperial College Press, 2022. Pp. 78-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimitrov B., Chukova S., Khalil Z. Probability Distributions in Periodic Random Environment and their Applications / In: Recent Advances in Statistical Methods, Ed. by Y. P. Chaubey. Imperial College Press, 2022. Pp. 78-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimitrov B., Chukova S., Khalil Z. Warranty Cost Analysis with Intermittent Usage / In: Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Reliability, Ed. by B. H. Lindquist and K. A. Doksum. Series on Quality, Reliability and Engineering Statistics, v. 7. World Scientific, 2023. Pp. 241-254.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimitrov B., Chukova S., Khalil Z. Warranty Cost Analysis with Intermittent Usage / In: Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Reliability, Ed. by B. H. Lindquist and K. A. Doksum. Series on Quality, Reliability and Engineering Statistics, v. 7. World Scientific, 2023. Pp. 241-254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dimitrov B., Chukova S., Khalil Z. Probability Distributions in Periodic Random Environment and their Applications / In: Recent Advances in Statistical Methods, Ed. by Y. P. Chaubey. Imperial College Press, 2023. Pp. 78-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dimitrov B., Chukova S., Khalil Z. Probability Distributions in Periodic Random Environment and their Applications / In: Recent Advances in Statistical Methods, Ed. by Y. P. Chaubey. Imperial College Press, 2023. Pp. 78-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
