<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sustain</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Надежность</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Dependability</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-2646</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3909</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RAMS Journal Limited liability company</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21683/1729-2646-2025-25-3-60-67</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sustain-678</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НА ТРАНСПОРТЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НА ТРАНСПОРТЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование алгоритма поиска в ширину при решении задач пространственного развития инфраструктуры наземного транспорта</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Using a breadth-first search algorithm in the process of spatial development of land transportation infrastructure</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьмин Дмитрий Владимирович, кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры «Логистика и управление транспортными системами»,</p><p>127994, г. Москва, ул. Образцова 9/9.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Kuzmin, Candidate of Engineering, Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Department of Logistics and Transportation System Management,</p><p>9/9, Obraztsova st., Moscow, 127994.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuzminmiit@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет транспорта»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian University of Transport</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузьмин Д.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузьмин Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuzmin D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dependability.ru/jour/article/view/678">https://www.dependability.ru/jour/article/view/678</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель. Рассмотреть вопрос применимости алгоритма поиска пути в ширину для решения задач пространственного развития линейных объектов наземной транспортной инфраструктуры. Методы. В статье применяется алгоритм поиска пути в графе – Поиск в ширину (Breadth-First Search, BFS), широко используемый для различных прикладных задач теории графов, в том числе трассирования и планирования пути. С данным алгоритмом проведен ряд простых экспериментов с целью определения количественных показателей его асимптотической сложности, т.е. количества выполняемых операций и времени выполнения алгоритма. Серия экспериментов имеет различную конфигурацию, определяемую направленностью поиска (однонаправленный и двунаправленны) и способом прохода ячеек (прямой и смешанный). Выводы. Эксперименты с различной реализацией алгоритма показывают, что двунаправленный поиск может существенным образом сократить количество выполняемых операций и время поиска. Так количество операций при двунаправленном поиске меньше в 2,75 раза при прямом и в 2,78 раза при смешанном (прямом и диагональном) проходе ячеек. Более того, сделан вывод, что применение двунаправленной реализации алгоритма имеет свою область эффективного использования. Во-первых, двунаправленный поиск эффективен в графах с высокой степень ветвления. Сокращение количества операций при двунаправленном поиске в условиях лабиринта составляет 57,07%, а сокращение времени при этой же конфигурации эксперимента 76,92%, по сравнению с однонаправленной реализацией поиска. В среде, представляющей собой коридор и, следовательно, характеризующейся слабым ветвлением, разница в количестве выполняемых операций между двунаправленным и однонаправленным поиском составила 1,06%, а время выполнения осталось неизменным. Во-вторых, эффективность алгоритма существенно снижается при сложной структуре графа. В-третьих, для использования такой реализации необходимо иметь четкое понимание, что путь между стартовым и целевым узлом существует.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Aim. To examine the applicability of the breadth-first path searching algorithm for spatial development of linear land transportation infrastructure facilities. Methods. The paper uses Breadth-First Searching, a graph path searching algorithm that is widely used as part of various graph theory applications, including path tracing and path planning. A number of simple experiments were carried out with this algorithm in order to determine the quantitative indicators of its asymptotic complexity, i.e., the number of performed operations and the algorithm execution time. The series of experiments has a different structure that is defined by the search direction (unidirectional and bidirectional) and the method of cell scanning (direct and mixed). Conclusion. Experiments involving various implementations of the algorithm show that bidirectional search can significantly reduce the number of performed operations and the search time. Thus, the number of operations for bidirectional search is 2.75 times less for direct and 2.78 times less for mixed (direct and diagonal) cell scanning. Moreover, it is concluded that the bidirectional implementation of the algorithm has its own scope of efficient use. First, bidirectional search is effective in highly-branched graphs. The number of operations for bidirectional maze search decreases 57.07%, while the time of the same experiment decreases 76.92% as compared to the unidirectional search. In a corridor environment that, by definition, has weak branching, the difference in the number of performed operations between bidirectional and unidirectional search was 1.06%, while the execution time remained the same. Secondly, the efficiency of the algorithm is significantly reduced when the graph structure is complex. Thirdly, using this implementation requires confidence in the fact that a path between the starting and target nodes exists.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алгоритмы поиска пути</kwd><kwd>трассирование</kwd><kwd>пространственное развитие транспортной инфраструктуры</kwd><kwd>транспортные системы</kwd><kwd>теория графов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pathfinding algorithms</kwd><kwd>tracing</kwd><kwd>spatial development of transportation infrastructure</kwd><kwd>transportation systems</kwd><kwd>graph theory</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Automatic Pipeline Route Design with Multi-Criteria Evaluation Based on Least-Cost Path Analysis and LineBased Cartographic Simplification: A Case Study of the Mus Project in Turkey. URL: https://www.mdpi.com/22209964/8/4/173 (дата обращения: 23.05.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Automatic Pipeline Route Design with Multi-Criteria Evaluation Based on Least-Cost Path Analysis and LineBased Cartographic Simplification: A Case Study of the Mus Project in Turkey. (accessed 23.05.2025). Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/4/173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang J.Y., Lee B. Optimisation of pipeline route in the presence of obstacles based on a least cost path algorithm and laplacian smoothing // International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. 2017. Vol. 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang J.Y., Lee B. Optimisation of pipeline route in the presence of obstacles based on a least cost path algorithm and laplacian smoothing. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 2017;9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scaparra M.P., Church R.L., Medrano F.A. Corridor location: the multi-gateway shortest path model // Journal of Geographical Systems. 2014. Vol. 16. No. 3. Pp. 287-309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scaparra M.P., Church R.L., Medrano F.A. Corridor location: the multi-gateway shortest path model. Journal of Geographical Systems 2014;16(3):287-309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu C., Lee J., Munro-Stasiuk M. Extensions to leastcost path algorithms for roadway planning // International Journal of Geographical Information Science – GIS. 2003. Vol. 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu C., Lee J., Munro-Stasiuk M. Extensions to leastcost path algorithms for roadway planning. International Journal of Geographical Information Science – GIS 2003;17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jamali A.A., Esmailian A., Mokhtarisabet S. et al. Path selection by topographic analysis: vector re-classification versus raster fuzzification as spatial multi-criteria using cost-path // Spatial Information Research. 2023. Т. 31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jamali A.A., Esmailian A., Mokhtarisabet S. et al. Path selection by topographic analysis: vector re-classification versus raster fuzzification as spatial multi-criteria using cost-path. Spatial Information Research 2023;31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefano B., Davide G., Francesco O. Routing of power lines through least-cost path analysis and multicriteria evaluation to minimise environmental impacts // Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 2011. Vol. 31. No. 3. Pp. 234-239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefano B., Davide G., Francesco O. Routing of power lines through least-cost path analysis and multicriteria evaluation to minimise environmental impacts. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2011;31(3):234-239.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monteiro C., Ramírez-Rosado I., Miranda V. et al. GIS Spatial Analysis Applied to Electric Line Routing Optimization // Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on. 2005. Vol. 20. Pp. 934-942.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monteiro C., Ramírez-Rosado I., Miranda V. et al. GIS Spatial Analysis Applied to Electric Line Routing Optimization. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on 2005;20:934-942.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antikainen H. Comparison of Different Strategies for Determining Raster-Based Least-Cost Paths with a Minimum Amount of Distortion // Transactions in GIS. 2013. Vol. 17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antikainen H. Comparison of Different Strategies for Determining Raster-Based Least-Cost Paths with a Minimum Amount of Distortion. Transactions in GIS 2013;17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Dana T. Propagating radial waves of travel cost in a grid // International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 2010. Vol. 24(9). Pp. 1391-1413.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Dana T. Propagating radial waves of travel cost in a grid. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 2010;24(9):1391-1413.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahuja R., Mehlhorn K., Orlin J. et al. Faster Algorithms for the Shortest Path Problem // J. ACM. 1990. Vol. 37. Pp. 213-223.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahuja R., Mehlhorn K., Orlin J. et al. Faster Algorithms for the Shortest Path Problem. J. ACM 1990;37:213-223.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wayahdi M., Ginting S., Syahputra D. Greedy, A-Star, and Dijkstra’s Algorithms in Finding Shortest Path // International Journal of Advances in Data and Information Systems. 2021. Vol. 2. Pp. 45-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wayahdi M., Ginting S., Syahputra D. Greedy, A-Star, and Dijkstra’s Algorithms in Finding Shortest Path. International Journal of Advances in Data and Information Systems 2021;2:45-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore E.F. The Shortest Path through a Maze // In Proc. International Symposium on the Theory of Switching, Part II. Harvard University Press, 1959.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore E.F. The Shortest Path through a Maze. In: Proc. International Symposium on the Theory of Switching, Part II. Harvard University Press; 1959.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dijkstra E.W. A note on two problems in connexion with graphs // Numerische Mathematik. 1959. Vol. 1. No. 1. Pp. 269-271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dijkstra E.W. A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik 1959;1(1):269-271.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cormen T.H., Leiserson C.E., Rivest R.L. et al. Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, 2001. 1216 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cormen T.H., Leiserson C.E., Rivest R.L. et al. Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press and McGraw-Hill; 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sedgewick R., Wayne K. Algorithms. AddisonWesley Professional, 2011. 971 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sedgewick R., Wayne K. Algorithms. AddisonWesley Professional; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
