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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sustain</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Надежность</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Dependability</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-2646</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3909</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RAMS Journal Limited liability company</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21683/1729-2646-2023-23-1-13-23</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sustain-505</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТРУКТУРНАЯ НАДЕЖНОСТЬ. ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY. THE THEORY AND PRACTICE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Определение априорного распределения наработки на отказ уникальных высокоответственных элементов экспертным методом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Identifying the a priori time-to-failure distribution of unique highly vital elements using the expert method</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бочков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bochkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Бочков Александр Владимирович – доктор технических наук, Ученый секретарь НТС </p><p>ул. Нижегородская, д. 27, стр. 1, Москва, 109029 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Alexander V. Bochkov, Doctor of Engineering, ScientifcSecretary of Scientifc and Technical Council</p><p>27, bldg 1 Nizhegorodskaya str., Moscow, 109029 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.bochkov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «НИИАС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC NIIAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бочков А.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бочков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bochkov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dependability.ru/jour/article/view/505">https://www.dependability.ru/jour/article/view/505</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Резюме</title><p>Резюме. Цель. Систематические отказы в отличие от случайных отказов аппаратных средств не могут быть описаны математическим аппаратом теории вероятностей и теории надежности. Однако именно такие отказы составляют наибольшую проблему, вследствие своей непредсказуемости. Выходом в случае описания систематических отказов уникальных высокоответственных систем становится подход, заключающийся во введении в рассмотрение количественных критериев выполнения объектом во времени требуемых функций, устанавливаемых, например, заданием для каждой функции набора параметров, характеризующих способность ее выполнения, и допустимых пределов изменения значений этих параметров. Целью статьи является разработка подхода к использованию экспертного оценивания для установления вида и параметров распределения наработки на отказ уникальных высокоответственных элементов. Рассмотрен подход к определению априорного распределения наработки на отказ уникальных высокоответственных элементов методом парных сравнений, полезный для повышения точности показателей их надежности.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Использованы методы анализа иерархий, нечеткой логики и теории перестановок. Введены нечеткие переменные, степени принадлежности которым интерпретируются как субъективные вероятности нахождения наработки на отказ и ее характеристик в различных временных интервалах. Предложен методы учета точности экспертного оценивания и метод решения задачи группового выбора.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Abstract</title><p>Abstract. Aim. Systematic failures, unlike random hardware failures, cannot be described using the mathematics of the probability theory and the dependability theory. However, such failures are the biggest problem due to their unpredictability. In the case of describing systematic failures of unique highly vital systems, a solution is presented by an approach that involves taking into account the quantitative criteria of functional performance of a facility in time that are defined, for example, by prescribing a set of parameters for each function that characterize its ability to perform, as well as acceptable limits for such parameters’ variation. The paper aims to develop an approach to the use of expert evaluation for the purpose of identifying the type and parameters of the distribution of the time to failure of unique highly vital elements. The author examined an approach to determining the a priori distribution of the time to failure of unique highly vital elements by pairwise comparison that would be useful for improving the accuracy of their dependability indicators.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. Hierarchy analysis, fuzzy logic and permutation theory were used. Fuzzy variables were introduced, the degrees of belonging to which are interpreted as subjective probabilities of the time to failure and its characteristics within different time intervals. Methods were proposed for accounting for the accuracy of expert evaluation and for solving the cluster sampling problem.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>уникальные высокоответственные элементы</kwd><kwd>распределение наработки на отказ</kwd><kwd>экспертные методы</kwd><kwd>метод парных сравнений</kwd><kwd>перестановки</kwd><kwd>кривые Пирсона</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>unique highly vital elements</kwd><kwd>time-to-failure distribution</kwd><kwd>expert methods</kwd><kwd>pairwise comparison method</kwd><kwd>permutations</kwd><kwd>Pearson curves</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шубинский И.Б., Шебе Х., Розенберг Е.Н. 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