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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sustain</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Надежность</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Dependability</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1729-2646</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3909</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RAMS Journal Limited liability company</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21683/1729-2646-2021-21-2-24-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sustain-417</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИСКУССИЯ ПО ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ НАДЕЖНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DISCUSSION OF DEPENDABILITY TERMINOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ошибки, неисправности и отказы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Errors, faults and failures</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубинский</surname><given-names>И. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubinsky</surname><given-names>I. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Игорь Борисович Шубинский – доктор технических наук, профессор, заместитель руководителяМосква</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor B. Shubinsky, Doctor of Engineering, Professor, Deputy Director of Integrated Research and Development Unit</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">igor-shubinsky@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шебе</surname><given-names>Хендрик</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Schäbe</surname><given-names>Hendrik</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хендрик Шебе – доктор физико-математических наук, заведующий отделом анализа рисков и опасностей</p><p>Кельн</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Hendrik Schäbe, Dr. rer. nat. habil., Head of Risk and Hazard Analysis</p><p>Cologne</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">schaebe@de.tuv.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «НИИАС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC NIIAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>TÜV Rheinland InterTraffic</institution><country>Германия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>TÜV Rheinland InterTraffic</institution><country>Germany</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шубинский И.Б., Шебе Х., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шубинский И.Б., Шебе Х.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shubinsky I.В., Schäbe H.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.dependability.ru/jour/article/view/417">https://www.dependability.ru/jour/article/view/417</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Гармонизация русскоязычных и англоязычных определений ошибок, неисправностей, отказов. Объект статьи – одни из наиболее важных предметов изучения теории надежности и функциональной безопасности. Предмет статьи – понятия и определения отказов, ошибок, неисправностей.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Проанализированы определения понятий, описывающих нарушения надежности и функциональной безопасности объектов в русскоязычных и международных стандартах, таких как ГОСТ 27.002-2015, ГОСТ Р/МЭК 61508-2012, IEC 60050, DIN 40041, а также в публикациях ряда авторов. Анализ показывает, что отказ всегда связан с потерей функции, то есть с возможностью выполнять работу так, как требуется по всем стандартам. Нужно отметить, что здесь неверное ожидание пользователя не подпадает под определение отказа. Отказ следует отличать от вводимых непреднамеренно функций. Неисправность определяется как неспособность системы в полной мере выполнять требуемую работу, которая может при определенных условиях перерасти в отказ. Ошибка – как несоответствие между вы[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>]численным, наблюдаемым или измеренным значением или условием и истинным, заданным или теоретически правильным значением или условием – это отклонение, которое присутствует, но превратится, возможно, при определенных условиях в отказ. Типичный пример – некритичные ошибки программного обеспечения. Так называемые систематические отказы на самом деле являются ошибками, которые могут превратиться в критичные ошибки (отказы). Отметим, что определения в международном электротехническом словаре IEC 60050 могут быть использованы как демонстрирующие общее согласие, что не удивительно для международного стандарта.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To harmonize the definitions of errors, faults, failures in the Russian and English languages. The Object of the paper is one of the most important subject matters of the dependability theory and functional safety. The Subject of the paper is the concepts and definitions of failures, errors, faults.</p></sec><sec><title>Results of the research</title><p>Results of the research: analysis of the definitions of the concepts describing the dependability and functional safety of items in the Russian and international standards, such as GOST 27.002-2015, GOST R/IEC 61508-2012, IEC 60050, DIN 40041, as well as in publications by a number of authors. The analysis shows that failure is always associated with the loss of function, i.e., the ability to perform as required by all standards. It should be noted that wrong user expectation does qualify as failure. A failure should be distinguished from unintended functions. A fault is defined as a system’s inability to perform the required operation to the full extent that, under certain conditions, may escalate into a failure. An error as a discrepancy between a calculated, observed or measured value or condition and a true, specified or theoretically correct value or condition is a deviation that is present and, under certain conditions, would probably turn into a failure. A typical example is non-critical software errors. The so-called systematic failures are actually errors that can turn into critical errors (failures). Let us note that the definitions in the IEC 60050 international electrotechnical vocabulary can be used, as they show general agreement, which is not surprising for an international standard.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>отказ</kwd><kwd>неисправность</kwd><kwd>ошибка</kwd><kwd>сбой</kwd><kwd>повреждение</kwd><kwd>стандарт</kwd><kwd>термин</kwd><kwd>надежность</kwd><kwd>функциональная безопасность</kwd><kwd>событие</kwd><kwd>работа</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>failure</kwd><kwd>malfunction</kwd><kwd>error</kwd><kwd>fault</kwd><kwd>damage</kwd><kwd>standard</kwd><kwd>term</kwd><kwd>dependability</kwd><kwd>functional safety</kwd><kwd>event</kwd><kwd>work</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нетес В.А. Объект в надежности: определение и содержание понятия // Надежность. 2019. Том 19. № 4. 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